[263] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. [198] The ancient historian Aelian (c.175 c.235 AD), in his Varia Historia (12.14), describes Alexander's hair color as "", that could mean yellowish, reddish or brownish. [13], In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. Alexander of Aphrodisias. [175][176] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus's death. The death of the son necessitated the death of the father, and thus Parmenion, who had been charged with guarding the treasury at Ecbatana, was assassinated at Alexander's command, to prevent attempts at vengeance. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of Hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the Indian subcontinent. [294][295] It was said that the bridge was to rival the Persian king Xerxes' pontoon bridge crossing of the Hellespont. [205][206][207], Many scholars and historians attribute heterochromia to him. Web281 James D. Nabors Drive, Alexander City, AL 35010 (256) 329-6700 The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covered some 5,200,000km2 (2,000,000sqmi),[257] and was the largest state of its time. See All [264] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. [309] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. Starting from Amphipolis, he travelled east into the country of the "Independent Thracians"; and at Mount Haemus, the Macedonian army attacked and defeated the Thracian forces manning the heights. Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized:Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great,[a] was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [301][302], Alexander wrote and received numerous letters, but no originals survive. [82] Control of Egypt passed to Ptolemy I (son of Lagos), the founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (305-30 BC) after the death of Alexander. Anthropology. A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. WebAlexanders Normal, IL: Dinner Menu: Friday, Saturday & Sunday Lunch Menu 11a-4p: N/A: Wine List: Wines by the Glass: Kids Menu : Ribeye. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. [295], The diffusion of Greek culture and language cemented by Alexander's conquests in West Asia and North Africa served as a "precondition" for the later Roman expansion into these territories and entire basis for the Byzantine Empire, according to Errington. Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund,[121] supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality. [107] The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well as defensive positions. [136], Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the Macedonian Empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the Diadochi. More. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. [216] His intelligent and rational side was amply demonstrated by his ability and success as a general. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. KINGS of MACEDON. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city. Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. [184], Dissension and rivalry soon affected the Macedonians, however. [102] The Greeks however regarded the gesture of proskynesis as the province of deities and believed that Alexander meant to deify himself by requiring it. In planning his invasion of the Parthian Empire, Caracalla decided to arrange 16,000 of his men in Macedonian-style phalanxes, despite the Roman army having made the phalanx an obsolete tactical formation. [279] For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan,[280] while the Greek concept of a spherical Earth surrounded by the spheres of planets eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a disc consisting of four continents grouped around a central mountain (Mount Meru) like the petals of a flower. By contrast, the Persian infantry was stationed behind its cavalry. Julius Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Hispania after his wife's funeral, in the spring or early summer of 69 BC. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. [96] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. Struck under Balakros or Menes, circa 333-327 BC", "Images of Authority II: The Greek Example", Alexander: Selected Texts from Arrian, Curtius and Plutarch, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, "World map according to Eratosthenes (194 B.C. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days before his death, Alexander entertained admiral Nearchus and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. [107], The foundation of the "new" Smyrna was also associated with Alexander. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. [304] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. [12], Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. He developed a life-long love of reading and The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. Alexander responded quickly and drove them from their territory. WebFind your Area of Focus. [181][220] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his deathonly Alexander had the ability to do so. He then stormed the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.[87]. Buy Now. [298] Pliny the Elder adds that the planned distance was 12 kilometres (7.5mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays. [180], Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately believed. [284] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. Details from the Alexander Sarcophagus show that he had a fair complexion with ruddy cheeks. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. Due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the Beas River and later died in 323 BC in Babylon, the city of Mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. [7], Alexander III was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain). Miletus, held by Achaemenid forces, required a delicate siege operation, with Persian naval forces nearby. Tarsos mint. Asian Studies. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. This also showed Alexander's eagerness to fight, in contrast to his father's preference for diplomacy. Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. [149][181], Perdiccas initially did not claim power, instead suggesting that Roxane's baby would be king, if male; with himself, Craterus, Leonnatus, and Antipater as guardians. Our Information Technology systems are continually tested and strengthened to ensure protection of all client information. [285], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. [116] However, the lion was also the symbolic animal of the Anatolian god Sandas, worshipped at Tarsus. The campaign took Alexander through Media, Parthia, Aria (West Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Central Afghanistan), Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan), and Scythia. [108], Later, in the Central Asian campaign, a second plot against his life was revealed, this one instigated by his own royal pages. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. [279][281][282] The Yavanajataka (lit. [315], In Hindi and Urdu, the name "Sikandar", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji stylized himself as "Sikandar-i-Sani" (the Second Alexander the Great). [297], Pausanias writes that Alexander wanted to dig through the Mimas mountain (in today's Karaburun area), but didn't succeed. Trending. [193] Alexander also recognized the potential for disunity among his diverse army, which employed various languages and weapons. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War by Xerxes;[90] Plutarch and Diodorus allege that Alexander's companion, the hetaera Thas, instigated and started the fire. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. There, his closest friend, Hephaestion, died of illness or poisoning. The types of these coins remained constant in his empire. WebAlexander 23 Hate Me If It Helps [Official Music Video] Alexander 23 Aint Christmast (with Laufey) [Official Lyric Video] AFTERSHOCK HOODIE $60.00. [228][229], He appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. [299][300], Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that Alexander named Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf after Icarus island in the Aegean. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. [20], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. [195], When faced with opponents who used unfamiliar fighting techniques, such as in Central Asia and India, Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style. Vocabulary. [67] In the following year, 332BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. [47][48][49], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. [122] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Alexander arranged a double phalanx, with the center advancing at an angle, parting when the chariots bore down and then reforming. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. [144] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon along with a decree for public mourning. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. [81] The Greeks interpreted this message - one that the gods addressed to all pharaohs - as a prophecy.[78]. The trilogy of Mary Renault consisting of "Fire from Heaven", "The Persian Boy" and "Funeral Games". HOME. [308] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic occurred during Alexander's stay in Corinth. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered. He developed a life-long love of reading and [13] During Philip's absence, the Thracian tribe of Maedi revolted against Macedonia. From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. [225] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[153] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[226][227] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into a historical clich. Commerce. Nicolle, David (2000). [120] Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal. [78], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. [17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. [141] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year. Custom promotional products for any budget. Vocabulary. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander reportedly saved his father's life. [115], Alexander appears to have introduced a new coinage in Cilicia in Tarsus, after the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, which went on to become the main coinage of the empire. [234], Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,[235][236][237] out of love;[238] and the Persian princesses Stateira and Parysatis, the former a daughter of Darius III and the latter a daughter of Artaxerxes III, for political reasons. [233] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. [63][64], Taking over the invasion project of Philip II, Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in 334BC with approximately 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry and a fleet of 120 ships with crews numbering 38,000,[61] drawn from Macedon and various Greek city-states, mercenaries, and feudally raised soldiers from Thrace, Paionia, and Illyria. [187] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant. [110], When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. [231] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. Nicknames for Alexander include Alex, Xander, and Sasha. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. [291][292][293] The historian Christopher Matthew mentions that the term Phalangarii has two possible meanings, both with military connotations. The gold series had the head of Athena on the obverse and a winged Nike (Victory) on the reverse. Greek astronomical treatise) and Paulisa Siddhanta texts depict the influence of Greek astronomical ideas on Indian astronomy. All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered. Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian from the first century AD, who wrote the Histories of Alexander the Great, gives this account of Alexander sitting on the throne of Darius III: Then Alexander seating himself on the royal throne, which was far too high for his bodily stature. [13] Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. [133], Alexander tried to persuade his soldiers to march farther, but his general Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return; the men, he said, "longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland". Several fictitious letters, some perhaps based on actual letters, made their way into the Romance tradition. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. [14] Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations for these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that Alexander's father was Zeus. [220] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. Communications. [219], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[220] and this could influence his decision making. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity. During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. [107][260] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. [177][178][179] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". [153] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. Buy Now. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). Commerce. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military [91] Plutarch recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of Xerxes as if it were a live person: Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects? UPCOMING EVENTS. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. There are many alternate spellings of Alexander depending. Also, the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language. [100] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius. That same day, Philip received news that his general Parmenion had defeated the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. [219][222] However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic Games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (tim) and glory (kudos). [144] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. p. 75. [109] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis. [45], In summer 336BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of Epirus, Philip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguards, Pausanias. 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